Round trip time (RTT) measurement based upon sequence number

ABSTRACT

Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are provided for determining a packet&#39;s round trip time (RTT) in a network. A system can receive information of a packet sent by a component of the network and further determine an expected acknowledgement (ACK) sequence number associated with the packet based upon received information of the packet. The system can receive information of a subsequent packet received by the component and determine an ACK sequence number and a receiving time of the subsequent packet. In response to determining that the ACK sequence number of the subsequent TCP packet matches the expected ACK sequence number, the system can determine a round trip time (RTT) of the packet based upon the received information of the packet and the received information of the subsequent packet.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional patentapplication Ser. No. 16/173,400, filed Oct. 29, 2018, which is acontinuation of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No.15/170,837, filed Jun. 1, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/171,899, filed Jun. 5, 2015, thedisclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present technology pertains to network analytics, and morespecifically to analyzing network flows in a network environment.

BACKGROUND

Conventionally, processes running on a node can calculate a packet'sround trip time (RTT) by measuring a starting time when the packet issent by the node and an ACK time when an acknowledgment is received bythe node. However, such measurement mechanism requires the processes beinstalled on a node that either sends or receives the packet.

Thus, there is a need to determine a packet's RTT without installingsoftware on sending or receiving nodes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited and otheradvantages and features of the disclosure can be obtained, a moreparticular description of the principles briefly described above will berendered by reference to specific examples thereof, which areillustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawingsdepict only exemplary examples of the disclosure and are not thereforeto be considered to be limiting of its scope, the principles herein aredescribed and explained with additional specificity and detail throughthe use of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a diagram of an example network environment,according to some examples;

FIG. 2A illustrates a schematic diagram of an example sensor deploymentin a virtualized environment, according to some examples;

FIG. 2B illustrates a schematic diagram of an example sensor deploymentin an example network device, according to some examples;

FIG. 2C illustrates a schematic diagram of an example reporting systemin an example sensor topology, according to some examples;

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of selectively monitoring aspecific range of transmission control protocol (TCP) sequence numbers,according to some examples;

FIG. 4 illustrates an example method for determining a packet's roundtrip time, according to some examples;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example network device, according to someexamples; and

FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate example system examples.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLES

Various examples of the disclosure are discussed in detail below. Whilespecific implementations are discussed, it should be understood thatthis is done for illustration purposes only. A person skilled in therelevant art will recognize that other components and configurations maybe used without parting from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

Overview

Additional features and advantages of the disclosure will be set forthin the description which follows. The features and advantages of thedisclosure can be realized and obtained by means of the instruments andcombinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. These andother features of the disclosure will become more fully apparent fromthe following description and appended claims, or can be learned by thepractice of the principles set forth herein.

The approaches set forth herein can be used to deploy sensors in anetwork environment, sense network flows, and analyze data packetsreported from the sensors to monitor and troubleshoot the network.Sensors can be placed at various devices or components (e.g., sensorslocated at virtual machines (VMs), hypervisors, and physical switches)in the network to sense network-flow information, such as information ofa transmission control protocol (TCP) packet sent by a component of thenetwork. Sensed information of the TCP packet can be analyzed todetermine an expected acknowledgement (ACK) sequence number associatedwith the packet. Information of a subsequent TCP packet received by thecomponent of the network can be sensed and used to determine an ACKsequence number and a receiving time that the subsequent packet wasreceived by the component. In response to determining that the ACKsequence number of the subsequent TCP packet matches the expected ACKsequence number, a round trip time (RTT) of the TCP packet can bedetermined based upon the sensed information of the TCP packet and thesensed information of the subsequent TCP packet.

In some examples, sensed information of a TCP packet sent by a componentof the network can be used to determine a sending time, a packetsequence number and a packet size of the packet. An expected ACKsequence number associated with the TCP packet can be determined basedupon the sequence number and the packet size of the TCP packet.

In some examples, if the ACK sequence number of the subsequent TCPpacket doesn't match an expected ACK sequence number, the subsequent TCPpacket can be ignored. Information of a following TCP packet received bythe component of the network can be sensed and used to determine an ACKsequence number and a receiving time that the following packet wasreceived by the component. In response to determining that the ACKsequence number of the following TCP packet matches the expected ACKsequence number, a round trip time (RTT) of the TCP packet can bedetermined based upon the sensed information of the TCP packet and thesensed information of the following TCP packet.

In some examples, in response to determining that ACK sequence numbersof a series of subsequent TCP packets received by the component of thenetwork doesn't match an expected ACK sequence number, a warning reportcan be generated to indicate a potentially malicious attack.

In some examples, TCP packets may account for a substantial portion oftraffic flows of a network. RTTs of the TCP packets can be used todetermine a congestion level of the network. In some examples,information of TCP hand-shakes (i.e., three-way hand-shakes or four-wayhand-shakes) in the network can be sensed and reported by a plurality ofsensors in the network. Information of TCP hand-shakes within a specifictime period can be analyzed to determine a number of re-transmission TCPpackets and new TCP packets during the time period and a number ofnon-duplicative packets associated with the TCP hand-shakes. The numberof re-transmission TCP packets and new TCP packets, together with thenumber of non-duplicative packets, can be used to determine a packetloss rate of the network during the specific time period. The packetloss rate may indicate a degradation level of the network.

In some examples, TCP packets in the network can be sampled every n^(th)packet to save network flow bandwidth and processing power ofnetwork-flow-analysis tools. Instead of counting TCP packets todetermine a n^(th) TCP packet, a network analysis system may select aspecific range of TCP sequence numbers that is 1/n^(th) of the entirerange of TCP sequence numbers (i.e., 0 to 2³²), and monitor TCP packetsthat have sequence numbers within the specific range. For example, asthe number, n, increases, the specific range of TCP sequence numbersgets narrower, which results in a lower sampling rate of TCP packets inthe network. As the number, n, decreases and the specific range of TCPsequence numbers gets wider, the sampling rate of TCP packets in thenetwork goes higher.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosed technology addresses the need in the art for determining apacket's round trip time (RTT). Disclosed are systems, methods, andcomputer-readable storage media for determining a packet's RTT in anetwork based on information collected by a plurality of sensorsdeployed across the network. A description of an example networkenvironment, as illustrated in FIG. 1, is first disclosed herein. Adiscussion of sensors and sensor topologies in virtualized environments,as illustrated in FIGS. 2A-C, will then follow. The discussion followswith a discussion of an example range of an expected ACK sequencenumber, as illustrated in FIG. 3. Then, example methods practicedaccording to the various examples disclosed herein will be discussed, asillustrated in FIG. 4. The discussion then concludes with a descriptionof example devices, as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6A-B. These variationsshall be described herein as the various examples are set forth. Thedisclosure now turns to FIG. 1.

FIG. 1 illustrates a diagram of example network environment 100. Fabric112 can represent the underlay (i.e., physical network) of networkenvironment 100. Fabric 112 can include spine routers 1-N (102 _(A-N))(collectively “102”) and leaf routers 1-N (104 _(A-N)) (collectively“104”). Leaf routers 104 can reside at the edge of fabric 112, and canthus represent the physical network edges. Leaf routers 104 can be, forexample, top-of-rack (“ToR”) switches, aggregation switches, gateways,ingress and/or egress switches, provider edge devices, and/or any othertype of routing or switching device.

Leaf routers 104 can be responsible for routing and/or bridging tenantor endpoint packets and applying network policies. Spine routers 102 canperform switching and routing within fabric 112. Thus, networkconnectivity in fabric 112 can flow from spine routers 102 to leafrouters 104, and vice versa.

Leaf routers 104 can provide servers 1-5 (106 _(A-E)) (collectively“106”), hypervisors 1-4 (108 _(A)-108 _(D)) (collectively “108”), andvirtual machines (VMs) 1-5 (110 _(A)-110 _(E)) (collectively “110”)access to fabric 112. For example, leaf routers 104 can encapsulate anddecapsulate packets to and from servers 106 in order to enablecommunications throughout environment 100. Leaf routers 104 can alsoconnect other devices, such as device 114, with fabric 112. Device 114can be any network-capable device(s) or network(s), such as a firewall,a database, a server, a collector 118 (further described below), anengine 120 (further described below), etc. Leaf routers 104 can alsoprovide any other servers, resources, endpoints, external networks, VMs,services, tenants, or workloads with access to fabric 112.

VMs 110 can be virtual machines hosted by hypervisors 108 running onservers 106. VMs 110 can include workloads running on a guest operatingsystem on a respective server. Hypervisors 108 can provide a layer ofsoftware, firmware, and/or hardware that creates and runs the VMs 110.Hypervisors 108 can allow VMs 110 to share hardware resources on servers106, and the hardware resources on servers 106 to appear as multiple,separate hardware platforms. Moreover, hypervisors 108 and servers 106can host one or more VMs 110. For example, server 106 _(A) andhypervisor 108 _(A) can host VMs 110 _(A-B).

In some cases, VMs 110 and/or hypervisors 108 can be migrated to otherservers 106. For example, VM 110 _(A) can be migrated to server 106 _(C)and hypervisor 108 _(B). Servers 106 can similarly be migrated to otherlocations in network environment 100. For example, a server connected toa specific leaf router can be changed to connect to a different oradditional leaf router. In some cases, some or all of servers 106,hypervisors 108, and/or VMs 110 can represent tenant space. Tenant spacecan include workloads, services, applications, devices, and/or resourcesthat are associated with one or more clients or subscribers.Accordingly, traffic in network environment 100 can be routed based onspecific tenant policies, spaces, agreements, configurations, etc.Moreover, addressing can vary between one or more tenants. In someconfigurations, tenant spaces can be divided into logical segmentsand/or networks and separated from logical segments and/or networksassociated with other tenants.

Any of leaf routers 104, servers 106, hypervisors 108, and VMs 110 caninclude sensor 116 (also referred to as a “sensor”) configured tocapture network data, and report any portion of the captured data tocollector 118. Sensors 116 can be processes, agents, modules, drivers,or components deployed on a respective system (e.g., a server, VM,hypervisor, leaf router, etc.), configured to capture network data forthe respective system (e.g., data received or transmitted by therespective system), and report some or all of the captured data tocollector 118.

For example, a VM sensor can run as a process, kernel module, or kerneldriver on the guest operating system installed in a VM and configured tocapture data (e.g., network and/or system data) processed (e.g., sent,received, generated, etc.) by the VM. Additionally, a hypervisor sensorcan run as a process, kernel module, or kernel driver on the hostoperating system installed at the hypervisor layer and configured tocapture data (e.g., network and/or system data) processed (e.g., sent,received, generated, etc.) by the hypervisor. A server sensor can run asa process, kernel module, or kernel driver on the host operating systemof a server and configured to capture data (e.g., network and/or systemdata) processed (e.g., sent, received, generated, etc.) by the server.And a network device sensor can run as a process or component in anetwork device, such as leaf routers 104, and configured to capture data(e.g., network and/or system data) processed (e.g., sent, received,generated, etc.) by the network device.

Sensors 116 can be configured to report the observed data and/ormetadata about one or more packets, flows, communications, processes,events, and/or activities to collector 118. For example, sensors 116 cancapture network data as well as information about the system or host ofthe sensors 116 (e.g., where the sensors 116 are deployed). Suchinformation can also include, for example, data or metadata of active orpreviously active processes of the system, operating system useridentifiers, metadata of files on the system, system alerts, networkinginformation, etc. Sensors 116 may also analyze all the processes runningon the respective VMs, hypervisors, servers, or network devices todetermine specifically which process is responsible for a particularflow of network traffic. Similarly, sensors 116 may determine whichoperating system user(s) is responsible for a given flow. Reported datafrom sensors 116 can provide details or statistics particular to one ormore tenants. For example, reported data from a subset of sensors 116deployed throughout devices or elements in a tenant space can provideinformation about the performance, use, quality, events, processes,security status, characteristics, statistics, patterns, conditions,configurations, topology, and/or any other information for theparticular tenant space.

Collectors 118 can be one or more devices, modules, workloads and/orprocesses capable of receiving data from sensors 116. Collectors 118 canthus collect reports and data from sensors 116. Collectors 118 can bedeployed anywhere in network environment 100 and/or even on remotenetworks capable of communicating with network environment 100. Forexample, one or more collectors can be deployed within fabric 112 or onone or more of the servers 106. One or more collectors can be deployedoutside of fabric 112 but connected to one or more leaf routers 104.Collectors 118 can be part of servers 106 and/or separate servers ordevices (e.g., device 114). Collectors 118 can also be implemented in acluster of servers.

Collectors 118 can be configured to collect data from sensors 116. Inaddition, collectors 118 can be implemented in one or more servers in adistributed fashion. As previously noted, collectors 118 can include oneor more collectors. Moreover, each collector can be configured toreceive reported data from all sensors 116 or a subset of sensors 116.For example, a collector can be assigned to a subset of sensors 116 sothe data received by that specific collector is limited to data from thesubset of sensors.

Collectors 118 can be configured to aggregate data from all sensors 116and/or a subset of sensors 116. Moreover, collectors 118 can beconfigured to analyze some or all of the data reported by sensors 116.For example, collectors 118 can include analytics engines (e.g., engines120) for analyzing collected data. Environment 100 can also includeseparate analytics engines 120 configured to analyze the data reportedto collectors 118. For example, engines 120 can be configured to receivecollected data from collectors 118 and aggregate the data, analyze thedata (individually and/or aggregated), generate reports, identifyconditions, compute statistics, visualize reported data, troubleshootconditions, visualize the network and/or portions of the network (e.g.,a tenant space), generate alerts, identify patterns, calculatemisconfigurations, identify errors, generate suggestions, generatetesting, and/or perform any other analytics functions.

While collectors 118 and engines 120 are shown as separate entities,this is for illustration purposes as other configurations are alsocontemplated herein. For example, any of collectors 118 and engines 120can be part of a same or separate entity. Moreover, any of thecollector, aggregation, and analytics functions can be implemented byone entity (e.g., collectors 118) or separately implemented by multipleentities (e.g., engine 120 and/or collectors 118).

Each of the sensors 116 can use a respective address (e.g., internetprotocol (IP) address, port number, etc.) of their host to sendinformation to collectors 118 and/or any other destination. Collectors118 may also be associated with their respective addresses such as IPaddresses. Moreover, sensors 116 can periodically send information aboutflows they observe to collectors 118. Sensors 116 can be configured toreport each and every flow they observe. Sensors 116 can report a listof flows that were active during a period of time (e.g., between thecurrent time and the time of the last report). The consecutive periodsof time of observance can be represented as pre-defined or adjustabletime series. The series can be adjusted to a specific level ofgranularity. Thus, the time periods can be adjusted to control the levelof details in statistics and can be customized based on specificrequirements, such as security, scalability, storage, etc. The timeseries information can also be implemented to focus on more importantflows or components (e.g., VMs) by varying the time intervals. Thecommunication channel between a sensor and collector 118 can also createa flow in every reporting interval. Thus, the information transmitted orreported by sensors 116 can also include information about the flowcreated by the communication channel.

FIG. 2A illustrates a schematic diagram of an example sensor deployment200 in a virtualized environment. Server 106 _(A) can execute and hostone or more VMs 202 _(A-C) (collectively “202”). VMs 202 _(A-C) can besimilar to VMs 110 _(A-E) of FIG. 1. For example, VM 1 (202 _(A)) ofFIG. 2A can be VM 1 (110 _(A)) of FIG. 1, and so forth. VMs 202 can beconfigured to run workloads (e.g., applications, services, processes,functions, etc.) based on hardware resources 212 on server 106 _(A). VMs202 can run on guest operating systems 206 _(A-C) (collectively “206”)on a virtual operating platform provided by hypervisor 208. Each VM 202can run a respective guest operating system 206 which can be the same ordifferent as other guest operating systems 206 associated with other VMs202 on server 106 _(A). Each of guest operating systems 206 can executeone or more processes, which may in turn be programs, applications,modules, drivers, services, widgets, etc. Each of guest operatingsystems 206 may also be associated with one or more user accounts. Forexample, many popular operating systems such as LINUX, UNIX, WINDOWS,MAC OS, etc., offer multi-user environments where one or more users canuse the system concurrently and share software/hardware resources. Oneor more users can sign in or log in to their user accounts associatedwith the operating system and run various workloads. Moreover, each VM202 can have one or more network addresses, such as an internet protocol(IP) address. VMs 202 can thus communicate with hypervisor 208, server106 _(A), and/or any remote devices or networks using the one or morenetwork addresses.

Hypervisor 208 (otherwise known as a virtual machine monitor) can be alayer of software, firmware, and/or hardware that creates and runs VMs202. Guest operating systems 206 running on VMs 202 can sharevirtualized hardware resources created by hypervisor 208. Thevirtualized hardware resources can provide the illusion of separatehardware components. Moreover, the virtualized hardware resources canperform as physical hardware components (e.g., memory, storage,processor, network interface, etc.), and can be driven by hardwareresources 212 on server 106 _(A). Hypervisor 208 can have one or morenetwork addresses, such as an internet protocol (IP) address, tocommunicate with other devices, components, or networks. For example,hypervisor 208 can have a dedicated IP address which it can use tocommunicate with VMs 202, server 106 _(A), and/or any remote devices ornetworks.

Hardware resources 212 of server 106 _(A) can provide the underlyingphysical hardware that drives operations and functionalities provided byserver 106 _(A), hypervisor 208, and VMs 202. Hardware resources 212 caninclude, for example, one or more memory resources, one or more storageresources, one or more communication interfaces, one or more processors,one or more circuit boards, one or more buses, one or more extensioncards, one or more power supplies, one or more antennas, one or moreperipheral components, etc. Additional examples of hardware resourcesare described below with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7A-B.

Server 106 _(A) can also include one or more host operating systems (notshown). The number of host operating system can vary by configuration.For example, some configurations can include a dual boot configurationthat allows server 106 _(A) to boot into one of multiple host operatingsystems. In other configurations, server 106 _(A) may run a single hostoperating system. Host operating systems can run on hardware resources212. In some cases, hypervisor 208 can run on, or utilize, a hostoperating system on server 106 _(A). Each of the host operating systemscan execute one or more processes, which may be programs, applications,modules, drivers, services, widgets, etc. Each of the host operatingsystems may also be associated with one or more OS user accounts.

Server 106 _(A) can also have one or more network addresses, such as aninternet protocol (IP) address, to communicate with other devices,components, or networks. For example, server 106 _(A) can have an IPaddress assigned to a communications interface from hardware resources212, which it can use to communicate with VMs 202, hypervisor 208, leafrouter 104 _(A) in FIG. 1, collectors 118 in FIG. 1, and/or any remotedevices or networks.

VM sensors 204 _(A-C) (collectively “204”) can be deployed on one ormore of VMs 202. VM sensors 204 can be data and packet inspection agentsor sensors deployed on VMs 202 to capture packets, flows, processes,events, traffic, and/or any data flowing into, out of, or through VMs202. VM sensors 204 can be configured to export or report any datacollected or captured by the sensors 204 to a remote entity, such ascollectors 118, for example. VM sensors 204 can communicate or reportsuch data using a network address of the respective VMs 202 (e.g., VM IPaddress).

VM sensors 204 can capture and report any traffic (e.g., packets, flows,etc.) sent, received, generated, and/or processed by VMs 202. Forexample, sensors 204 can report every packet or flow of communicationsent and received by VMs 202. Such communication channel between sensors204 and collectors 108 creates a flow in every monitoring period orinterval and the flow generated by sensors 204 may be denoted as acontrol flow. Moreover, any communication sent or received by VMs 202,including data reported from sensors 204, can create a network flow. VMsensors 204 can report such flows in the form of a control flow to aremote device, such as collectors 118 illustrated in FIG. 1. VM sensors204 can report each flow separately or aggregated with other flows. Whenreporting a flow via a control flow, VM sensors 204 can include a sensoridentifier that identifies sensors 204 as reporting the associated flow.VM sensors 204 can also include in the control flow a flow identifier,an IP address, a timestamp, metadata, a process ID, an OS usernameassociated with the process ID, and any other information, as furtherdescribed below. In addition, sensors 204 can append the process anduser information (i.e., which process and/or user is associated with aparticular flow) to the control flow. The additional information asidentified above can be applied to the control flow as labels.Alternatively, the additional information can be included as part of aheader, a trailer, or a payload.

VM sensors 204 can also report multiple flows as a set of flows. Whenreporting a set of flows, VM sensors 204 can include a flow identifierfor the set of flows and/or a flow identifier for each flow in the setof flows. VM sensors 204 can also include one or more timestamps andother information as previously explained.

VM sensors 204 can run as a process, kernel module, or kernel driver onguest operating systems 206 of VMs 202. VM sensors 204 can thus monitorany traffic sent, received, or processed by VMs 202, any processesrunning on guest operating systems 206, any users and user activities onguest operating system 206, any workloads on VMs 202, etc.

Hypervisor sensor 210 can be deployed on hypervisor 208. Hypervisorsensor 210 can be a data inspection agent or a sensor deployed onhypervisor 208 to capture traffic (e.g., packets, flows, etc.) and/ordata flowing through hypervisor 208. Hypervisor sensor 210 can beconfigured to export or report any data collected or captured byhypervisor sensor 210 to a remote entity, such as collectors 118, forexample. Hypervisor sensor 210 can communicate or report such data usinga network address of hypervisor 208, such as an IP address of hypervisor208.

Because hypervisor 208 can see traffic and data originating from VMs202, hypervisor sensor 210 can also capture and report any data (e.g.,traffic data) associated with VMs 202. For example, hypervisor sensor210 can report every packet or flow of communication sent or received byVMs 202 and/or VM sensors 204. Moreover, any communication sent orreceived by hypervisor 208, including data reported from hypervisorsensor 210, can create a network flow. Hypervisor sensor 210 can reportsuch flows in the form of a control flow to a remote device, such ascollectors 118 illustrated in FIG. 1. Hypervisor sensor 210 can reporteach flow separately and/or in combination with other flows or data.When reporting a flow, hypervisor sensor 210 can include a sensoridentifier that identifies hypervisor sensor 210 as reporting the flow.Hypervisor sensor 210 can also include in the control flow a flowidentifier, an IP address, a timestamp, metadata, a process ID, and anyother information, as explained below. In addition, sensors 210 canappend the process and user information (i.e., which process and/or useris associated with a particular flow) to the control flow. Theadditional information as identified above can be applied to the controlflow as labels. Alternatively, the additional information can beincluded as part of a header, a trailer, or a payload.

Hypervisor sensor 210 can also report multiple flows as a set of flows.When reporting a set of flows, hypervisor sensor 210 can include a flowidentifier for the set of flows and/or a flow identifier for each flowin the set of flows. Hypervisor sensor 210 can also include one or moretimestamps and other information as previously explained, such asprocess and user information.

As previously explained, any communication captured or reported by VMsensors 204 can flow through hypervisor 208. Thus, hypervisor sensor 210can observe and capture any flows or packets reported by VM sensors 204,including any control flows. Accordingly, hypervisor sensor 210 can alsoreport any packets or flows reported by VM sensors 204 and any controlflows generated by VM sensors 204. For example, VM sensor 204 _(A) on VM1 (202 _(A)) captures flow 1 (“F1”) and reports F1 to collector 118 onFIG. 1. Hypervisor sensor 210 on hypervisor 208 can also see and captureF1, as F1 would traverse hypervisor 208 when being sent or received byVM 1 (202 _(A)). Accordingly, hypervisor sensor 210 on hypervisor 208can also report F1 to collector 118. Thus, collector 118 can receive areport of F1 from VM sensor 204 _(A) on VM 1 (202 _(A)) and anotherreport of F1 from hypervisor sensor 210 on hypervisor 208.

When reporting F1, hypervisor sensor 210 can report F1 as a message orreport that is separate from the message or report of F1 transmitted byVM sensor 204 _(A) on VM 1 (202 _(A)). However, hypervisor sensor 210can also, or otherwise, report F1 as a message or report that includesor appends the message or report of F1 transmitted by VM sensor 204 _(A)on VM 1 (202 _(A)). In other words, hypervisor sensor 210 can report F1as a separate message or report from VM sensor 204 _(A)'s message orreport of F1, and/or a same message or report that includes both areport of F1 by hypervisor sensor 210 and the report of F1 by VM sensor204 _(A) at VM 1 (202 _(A)). In this way, VM sensors 204 at VMs 202 canreport packets or flows received or sent by VMs 202, and hypervisorsensor 210 at hypervisor 208 can report packets or flows received orsent by hypervisor 208, including any flows or packets received or sentby VMs 202 and/or reported by VM sensors 204.

Hypervisor sensor 210 can run as a process, kernel module, or kerneldriver on the host operating system associated with hypervisor 208.Hypervisor sensor 210 can thus monitor any traffic sent and received byhypervisor 208, any processes associated with hypervisor 208, etc.

Server 106 _(A) can also have server sensor 214 running on it. Serversensor 214 can be a data inspection agent or sensor deployed on server106 _(A) to capture data (e.g., packets, flows, traffic data, etc.) onserver 106 _(A). Server sensor 214 can be configured to export or reportany data collected or captured by server sensor 214 to a remote entity,such as collector 118, for example. Server sensor 214 can communicate orreport such data using a network address of server 106 _(A), such as anIP address of server 106 _(A).

Server sensor 214 can capture and report any packet or flow ofcommunication associated with server 106 _(A). For example, sensor 216can report every packet or flow of communication sent or received by oneor more communication interfaces of server 106 _(A). Moreover, anycommunication sent or received by server 106 _(A), including datareported from sensors 204 and 210, can create a network flow associatedwith server 106 _(A). Server sensor 214 can report such flows in theform of a control flow to a remote device, such as collector 118illustrated in FIG. 1. Server sensor 214 can report each flow separatelyor in combination. When reporting a flow, server sensor 214 can includea sensor identifier that identifies server sensor 214 as reporting theassociated flow. Server sensor 214 can also include in the control flowa flow identifier, an IP address, a timestamp, metadata, a process ID,and any other information. In addition, sensor 214 can append theprocess and user information (i.e., which process and/or user isassociated with a particular flow) to the control flow. The additionalinformation as identified above can be applied to the control flow aslabels. Alternatively, the additional information can be included aspart of a header, a trailer, or a payload.

Server sensor 214 can also report multiple flows as a set of flows. Whenreporting a set of flows, server sensor 214 can include a flowidentifier for the set of flows and/or a flow identifier for each flowin the set of flows. Server sensor 214 can also include one or moretimestamps and other information as previously explained.

Any communications captured or reported by sensors 204 and 210 can flowthrough server 106 _(A). Thus, server sensor 214 can observe or captureany flows or packets reported by sensors 204 and 210. In other words,network data observed by sensors 204 and 210 inside VMs 202 andhypervisor 208 can be a subset of the data observed by server sensor 214on server 106 _(A). Accordingly, server sensor 214 can report anypackets or flows reported by sensors 204 and 210 and any control flowsgenerated by sensors 204 and 210. For example, sensor 204 _(A) on VM 1(202 _(A)) captures flow 1 (F1) and reports F1 to collector 118 asillustrated on FIG. 1. sensor 210 on hypervisor 208 can also observe andcapture F1, as F1 would traverse hypervisor 208 when being sent orreceived by VM 1 (202 _(A)). In addition, sensor 214 on server 106 _(A)can also see and capture F1, as F1 would traverse server 106 _(A) whenbeing sent or received by VM 1 (202 _(A)) and hypervisor 208.Accordingly, sensor 214 can also report F1 to collector 118. Thus,collector 118 can receive a report (i.e., control flow) regarding F1from sensor 204 _(A) on VM 1 (202 _(A)), sensor 210 on hypervisor 208,and sensor 214 on server 106 _(A).

When reporting F1, server sensor 214 can report F1 as a message orreport that is separate from any messages or reports of F1 transmittedby sensor 204 _(A) on VM 1 (202 _(A)) or sensor 210 on hypervisor 208.However, server sensor 214 can also, or otherwise, report F1 as amessage or report that includes or appends the messages or reports ormetadata of F1 transmitted by sensor 204 _(A) on VM 1 (202 _(A)) andsensor 210 on hypervisor 208. In other words, server sensor 214 canreport F1 as a separate message or report from the messages or reportsof F1 from sensor 204 _(A) and sensor 210, and/or a same message orreport that includes a report of F1 by sensor 204 _(A), sensor 210, andsensor 214. In this way, sensors 204 at VMs 202 can report packets orflows received or sent by VMs 202, sensor 210 at hypervisor 208 canreport packets or flows received or sent by hypervisor 208, includingany flows or packets received or sent by VMs 202 and reported by sensors204, and sensor 214 at server 106 _(A) can report packets or flowsreceived or sent by server 106 _(A), including any flows or packetsreceived or sent by VMs 202 and reported by sensors 204, and any flowsor packets received or sent by hypervisor 208 and reported by sensor210.

Server sensor 214 can run as a process, kernel module, or kernel driveron the host operating system or a hardware component of server 106 _(A).Server sensor 214 can thus monitor any traffic sent and received byserver 106 _(A), any processes associated with server 106 _(A), etc.

In addition to network data, sensors 204, 210, and 214 can captureadditional information about the system or environment in which theyreside. For example, sensors 204, 210, and 214 can capture data ormetadata of active or previously active processes of their respectivesystem or environment, operating system user identifiers, metadata offiles on their respective system or environment, timestamps, networkaddressing information, flow identifiers, sensor identifiers, etc.Moreover, sensors 204, 210, 214 are not specific to any operating systemenvironment, hypervisor environment, network environment, or hardwareenvironment. Thus, sensors 204, 210, and 214 can operate in anyenvironment.

As previously explained, sensors 204, 210, and 214 can send informationabout the network traffic they observe. This information can be sent toone or more remote devices, such as one or more servers, collectors,engines, etc. Each sensor can be configured to send respectiveinformation using a network address, such as an IP address, and anyother communication details, such as port number, to one or moredestination addresses or locations. Sensors 204, 210, and 214 can sendmetadata about one or more flows, packets, communications, processes,events, etc.

Sensors 204, 210, and 214 can periodically report information about eachflow or packet they observe. The information reported can contain a listof flows or packets that were active during a period of time (e.g.,between the current time and the time at which the last information wasreported). The communication channel between the sensor and thedestination can create a flow in every interval. For example, thecommunication channel between sensor 214 and collector 118 can create acontrol flow. Thus, the information reported by a sensor can alsocontain information about this control flow. For example, theinformation reported by sensor 214 to collector 118 can include a listof flows or packets that were active at hypervisor 208 during a periodof time, as well as information about the communication channel betweensensor 210 and collector 118 used to report the information by sensor210.

FIG. 2B illustrates a schematic diagram of example sensor deployment 220in an example network device. The network device is described as leafrouter 104 _(A), as illustrated in FIG. 1. However, this is forexplanation purposes. The network device can be any other networkdevice, such as any other switch, router, etc.

In this example, leaf router 104 _(A) can include network resources 222,such as memory, storage, communication, processing, input, output, andother types of resources. Leaf router 104 _(A) can also includeoperating system environment 224. The operating system environment 224can include any operating system, such as a network operating system,embedded operating system, etc. Operating system environment 224 caninclude processes, functions, and applications for performingnetworking, routing, switching, forwarding, policy implementation,messaging, monitoring, and other types of operations.

Leaf router 104 _(A) can also include sensor 226. Sensor 226 can be anagent or sensor configured to capture network data, such as flows orpackets, sent received, or processed by leaf router 104 _(A). Sensor 226can also be configured to capture other information, such as processes,statistics, users, alerts, status information, device information, etc.Moreover, sensor 226 can be configured to report captured data to aremote device or network, such as collector 118 shown in FIG. 1, forexample. Sensor 226 can report information using one or more networkaddresses associated with leaf router 104 _(A) or collector 118. Forexample, sensor 226 can be configured to report information using an IPassigned to an active communications interface on leaf router 104 _(A).

Leaf router 104 _(A) can be configured to route traffic to and fromother devices or networks, such as server 106 _(A). Accordingly, sensor226 can also report data reported by other sensors on other devices. Forexample, leaf router 104 _(A) can be configured to route traffic sentand received by server 106 _(A) to other devices. Thus, data reportedfrom sensors deployed on server 106 _(A), such as VM and hypervisorsensors on server 106 _(A), would also be observed by sensor 226 and canthus be reported by sensor 226 as data observed at leaf router 104 _(A).Such report can be a control flow generated by sensor 226. Data reportedby the VM and hypervisor sensors on server 106 _(A) can therefore be asubset of the data reported by sensor 226.

Sensor 226 can run as a process or component (e.g., firmware, module,hardware device, etc.) in leaf router 104 _(A). Moreover, sensor 226 canbe installed on leaf router 104 _(A) as a software or firmware agent. Insome configurations, leaf router 104 _(A) itself can act as sensor 226.Moreover, sensor 226 can run within operating system 224 and/or separatefrom operating system 224.

FIG. 2C illustrates a schematic diagram of example reporting system 240in an example sensor topology. Leaf router 104 _(A) can route packets ofa network flow 242 between fabric 112 and server 106 _(A), hypervisor108 _(A), and VM 110 _(A). The network flow 242 between VM 110 _(A) andleaf router 104 _(A) can flow through hypervisor 108 _(A) and server 106_(A). The network flow 242 between hypervisor 108 _(A) and leaf router104 _(A) can flow through server 106 _(A). Finally, the network flow 242between server 106 _(A) and leaf router 104 _(A) can flow directly toleaf router 104 _(A). However, in some cases, the network flow 242between server 106 _(A) and leaf router 104 _(A) can flow through one ormore intervening devices or networks, such as a switch or a firewall.

Moreover, VM sensor 204 _(A) at VM 110 _(A), hypervisor sensor 210 athypervisor 108 _(A), network device sensor 226 at leaf router 104 _(A),and any server sensor at server 106 _(A) (e.g., sensor running on hostenvironment of server 106 _(A)) can send reports 244 (also referred toas control flows) to collector 118 based on packets of the network flow242 captured at each respective sensor. Reports 244 from VM sensor 204_(A) to collector 118 can flow through VM 110 _(A), hypervisor 108 _(A),server 106 _(A), and leaf router 104 _(A). Reports 244 from hypervisorsensor 210 to collector 118 can flow through hypervisor 108 _(A), server106 _(A), and leaf router 104 _(A). Reports 244 from any other serversensor at server 106 _(A) to collector 118 can flow through server 106_(A) and leaf router 104 _(A). Finally, reports 244 from network devicesensor 226 to collector 118 can flow through leaf router 104 _(A).Although reports 244 are depicted as being routed separately from thenetwork flow 242 in FIG. 2C, one of ordinary skill in the art willunderstand that reports 244 and the network flow 242 can be transmittedthrough the same communication channel(s).

Reports 244 can include any portion of the network flow 242 captured atthe respective sensors. Reports 244 can also include other information,such as timestamps, process information, sensor identifiers, flowidentifiers, flow statistics, notifications, logs, user information,system information, source and destination addresses, source anddestination ports, protocols, etc. Some or all of this information canbe appended to reports 244 as one or more labels, metadata, or as partof the packet(s)′ header, trailer, or payload. For example, if a useropens a browser on VM 110 _(A) and navigates to examplewebsite.com, VMsensor 204 _(A) of VM 110 _(A) can determine which user (i.e., operatingsystem user) of VM 110 _(A) (e.g., username “johndoe85”) and whichprocess being executed on the operating system of VM 110 _(A) (e.g.,“chrome.exe”) were responsible for the particular network flow to andfrom examplewebsite.com. Once such information is determined, theinformation can be included in report 244 as labels for example, andreport 244 can be transmitted from VM sensor 204 _(A) to collector 118.Such additional information can help system 240 to gain insight intoflow information at the process and user level, for instance. Thisinformation can be used for security, optimization, and determiningstructures and dependencies within system 240. Moreover, reports 244 canbe transmitted to collector 118 periodically as the network flow 244 orsuccessive network flows are captured by a sensor. Further, each sensorcan send a single report or multiple reports to collector 118. Forexample, each of the sensors 116 can be configured to send a report tocollector 118 for every flow, packet, message, communication, or networkdata received, transmitted, and/or generated by its respective host(e.g., VM 110 _(A), hypervisor 108 _(A), server 106 _(A), and leafrouter 104 _(A)). As such, collector 118 can receive a report of a samepacket from multiple sensors.

For example, a packet received by VM 110 _(A) from fabric 112 can becaptured and reported by VM sensor 204 _(A). Since the packet receivedby VM 110 _(A) will also flow through leaf router 104 _(A) andhypervisor 108 _(A), it can also be captured and reported by hypervisorsensor 210 and network device sensor 226. Thus, for a packet received byVM 110 _(A) from fabric 112, collector 118 can receive a report of thepacket from VM sensor 204 _(A), hypervisor sensor 210, and networkdevice sensor 226.

Similarly, a packet sent by VM 110 _(A) to fabric 112 can be capturedand reported by VM sensor 204 _(A). Since the packet sent by VM 110 _(A)will also flow through leaf router 104 _(A) and hypervisor 108 _(A), itcan also be captured and reported by hypervisor sensor 210 and networkdevice sensor 226. Thus, for a packet sent by VM 110 _(A) to fabric 112,collector 118 can receive a report of the packet from VM sensor 204_(A), hypervisor sensor 210, and network device sensor 226.

On the other hand, a packet originating at, or destined to, hypervisor108 _(A), can be captured and reported by hypervisor sensor 210 andnetwork device sensor 226, but not VM sensor 204 _(A), as such packetmay not flow through VM 110 _(A). Moreover, a packet originating at, ordestined to, leaf router 104 _(A), will be captured and reported bynetwork device sensor 226, but not VM sensor 204 _(A), hypervisor sensor210, or any other sensor on server 106 _(A), as such packet may not flowthrough VM 110 _(A), hypervisor 108 _(A), or server 106 _(A).

Each of the sensors 204 _(A), 210, 226 can include a respective uniquesensor identifier on each of reports 244 it sends to collector 118, toallow collector 118 to determine which sensor sent the report. Reports244 can be used to analyze network and/or system data and conditions fortroubleshooting, security, visualization, configuration, planning, andmanagement. Sensor identifiers in reports 244 can also be used todetermine which sensors reported what flows. This information can thenbe used to determine sensor placement and topology, as further describedbelow, as well as mapping individual flows to processes and users. Suchadditional insights gained can be useful for analyzing the data inreports 244, as well as troubleshooting, security, visualization,configuration, planning, and management.

In some examples, information of a transmission control protocol (TCP)packet sent by a component of the network can be sensed and reported byvarious sensors of the reporting system 240 deployed across the network.An optimal sensor of the reporting system 240 can be determined basedupon data packets reported by various sensors. Sensed information of theTCP packet can be analyzed to determine a range of an expected ACKsequence number associated with the packet. Information of a subsequentTCP packet received by the component of the network can be sensed andused to determine an ACK sequence number and a receiving time of thesubsequent packet received by the component. In response to determiningthat the ACK sequence number of the subsequent TCP packet is overlappedwith the range of the expected ACK sequence number, a round trip time(RTT) of the TCP packet can be determined based upon the sensedinformation of the TCP packet and the sensed information of thesubsequent TCP packet.

In some examples, sensed information of a TCP packet sent by a componentof the network can be used to determine a sending time, a packetsequence number and a size of the packet. A range of an expected ACKsequence number associated with the TCP packet can be determined basedupon the sequence number and the packet size of the TCP packet.

In some examples, TCP packets in the network can be sampled every n^(th)packet to save network flow bandwidth and processing power ofnetwork-flow-analysis tools. Instead of counting TCP packets todetermine a n^(th) TCP packet, a network analysis system may select aspecific range of TCP sequence numbers that is 1/n^(th) of the entirerange of TCP sequence numbers (i.e., 0 to 2³²), and monitor TCP packetsthat have sequence numbers within the specific range.

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram 300 of selectively monitoring TCPsequence numbers in a network, according to some examples. In thisexample, a specific sequence range 306 is selected for monitoring TCPpackets in the network. Each of TCP packets 302, 304 and 308 has apacket sequence range or a specific packet sequence number. For example,the packet 308 has a packet sequence range 310. Comparing the specificsequence range 306 with packet sequence ranges of the TCP packets 302,304 and 308, only the packet 308 has a packet sequence range that isoverlapped with the specific sequence range 306. The packets 302 and 304can be ignored. Information of the packet 308 is sensed and sampled fornetwork analysis.

Sensed information of the TCP packet 308 can be analyzed to determine asending component of the network, a sending time, a packet sequencenumber/range, and a size of the packet 308, which can be used todetermine an expected acknowledgement (ACK) sequence number/rangeassociated with the packet 308. Information of a subsequent TCP packetreceived by the sending component of the network can be sensed and usedto determine an ACK sequence number/range and a receiving time of thesubsequent packet. In response to determining that the ACK sequencenumber/range of the subsequent TCP packet is overlapped with theexpected ACK sequence number/range, a round trip time (RTT) of the TCPpacket can be determined based upon the sensed information of the TCPpacket 308 and the sensed information of the subsequent TCP packet.

As one of skill in the art will appreciate, some of all of the variousmethods and rules—timing, degree, magnitude, graph consistency,historical data, hash function, etc.—as described in this disclosure canbe used in combination. Different weights can also be assigned todifferent rules and methods depending on the accuracy, margin of error,etc. of each rule or method.

Having disclosed some basic system components and concepts, thedisclosure now turns to the exemplary method examples shown in FIG. 4.For the sake of clarity, the methods are described in terms of system100, as shown in FIG. 1, configured to practice the method. However, theexample methods can be practiced by any software or hardware components,devices, etc. heretofore disclosed, such as system 200 of FIG. 2A,system 220 of FIG. 2B, system 240 of FIG. 2C, system 500 of FIG. 5,system 600 of FIG. 6A, system 650 of FIG. 6B, etc. The steps outlinedherein are exemplary and can be implemented in any combination thereofin any order, including combinations that exclude, add, or modifycertain steps.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example method 400 for determining a packet'sround trip time in a network, according to some examples. It should beunderstood that the exemplary method 400 is presented solely forillustrative purposes and that in other methods in accordance with thepresent technology can include additional, fewer, or alternative stepsperformed in similar or alternative orders, or in parallel. The system100 can receive, from a sensor of a plurality of sensors deployed acrossthe network, information of a first packet sent by a component of thenetwork, at step 402. The plurality of sensors can be configured tosense data packets moving through the network.

In some examples, the system 100 analyzes sampled data packets. Forexample, data packets are sampled every n^(th) packet. The system 100may select a specific range of TCP sequence numbers that is 1/n^(th) ofthe entire range of TCP sequence numbers (i.e., 0 to 2³²). The system100 can determine TCP sequence numbers of received TCP packets andanalyze those TCP packets having sequence numbers within the specificrange.

The system 100 can analyze the information of the first packet todetermine a sending time, a packet sequence number and a packet size ofthe first packet, at step 404. The system 100 can further determine anexpected ACK sequence number associated with the first packet based uponthe sequence number and the packet size of the first packet, at step406.

The system 100 receives information of a following packet received bythe component, at step 408. The system 100 can analyze receivedinformation of the following packet to determine an ACK sequence numberand a receiving time of the following packet, at step 410.

The system 100 can compare the ACK sequence number of the followingpacket with the expected ACK sequence number, at step 412. In responseto determining that the ACK sequence number of the following packetmatches the expected ACK sequence number, the system 100 can determine around trip time (RTT) of the first packet based upon the sending time ofthe first packet and the receiving time of the following packet, at step414. In some examples, the system 100 can determine a congestion levelof the network based at least upon the RTT of the first packet.

In some examples, the system 100 can receive, from the plurality ofsensors, information of TCP hand-shakes in the network during a specifictime period. The system 100 can determine, based upon the information ofTCP hand-shakes, a number of re-transmission TCP packets and new TCPpackets, and a number of non-duplicative TCP packets associated with theTCP hand-shakes. The system 100 can further determine a packet loss rateof the network during the specific time period based upon the number ofre-transmission TCP packets and new TCP packets and the number ofnon-duplicative packets.

In response to determining that the ACK sequence number of the followingpacket doesn't match the expected ACK sequence number, the system 100can ignore the following packet and goes back to step 408 to receiveinformation a next packet received by the component.

In some examples, if ACK sequence numbers of a series of packetsreceived by the component doesn't match an expected ACK sequence number,the system 100 can generate a warning report to indicate a potentiallymalicious attack.

Example Devices

FIG. 5 illustrates an example network device 500 according to someexamples. Network device 500 includes a master central processing unit(CPU) 502, interfaces 504, and a bus 506 (e.g., a PCI bus). When actingunder the control of appropriate software or firmware, the CPU 502 isresponsible for executing packet management, error detection, and/orrouting functions. The CPU 502 preferably accomplishes all thesefunctions under the control of software including an operating systemand any appropriate applications software. CPU 502 may include one ormore processors 510 such as a processor from the Motorola family ofmicroprocessors or the MIPS family of microprocessors. In an alternativeexample, processor 510 is specially designed hardware for controllingthe operations of router. In a specific example, a memory 508 (such asnon-volatile RAM and/or ROM) also forms part of CPU 502. However, thereare many different ways in which memory could be coupled to the system.

The interfaces 504 are typically provided as interface cards (sometimesreferred to as “line cards”). Generally, they control the sending andreceiving of data packets over the network and sometimes support otherperipherals used with the router. Among the interfaces that may beprovided are Ethernet interfaces, frame relay interfaces, cableinterfaces, DSL interfaces, token ring interfaces, and the like. Inaddition, various very high-speed interfaces may be provided such asfast token ring interfaces, wireless interfaces, Ethernet interfaces,Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, ATM interfaces, HSSI interfaces, POSinterfaces, FDDI interfaces and the like. Generally, these interfacesmay include ports appropriate for communication with the appropriatemedia. In some cases, they may also include an independent processorand, in some instances, volatile RAM. The independent processors maycontrol such communications intensive tasks as packet switching, mediacontrol and management. By providing separate processors for thecommunications intensive tasks, these interfaces allow the mastermicroprocessor 502 to efficiently perform routing computations, networkdiagnostics, security functions, etc.

Although the system shown in FIG. 5 is one specific network device ofthe present invention, it is by no means the only network devicearchitecture on which the present invention can be implemented. Forexample, an architecture having a single processor that handlescommunications as well as routing computations, etc. is often used.Further, other types of interfaces and media could also be used with therouter.

Regardless of the network device's configuration, it may employ one ormore memories or memory modules (including memory 508) configured tostore program instructions for the general-purpose network operationsand mechanisms for roaming, route optimization and routing functionsdescribed herein. The program instructions may control the operation ofan operating system and/or one or more applications, for example. Thememory or memories may also be configured to store tables such asmobility binding, registration, and association tables, etc.

FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B illustrate example system examples. The moreappropriate example will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in theart when practicing the present technology. Persons of ordinary skill inthe art will also readily appreciate that other system examples arepossible.

FIG. 6A illustrates a conventional system bus computing systemarchitecture 600 wherein the components of the system are in electricalcommunication with each other using a bus 612. Exemplary system 600includes a processing unit (CPU or processor) 602 and a system bus 612that couples various system components including the system memory 606,such as read only memory (ROM) 608 and random access memory (RAM) 610,to the processor 602. The system 600 can include a cache of high-speedmemory connected directly with, in close proximity to, or integrated aspart of the processor 602. The system 600 can copy data from the memory606 and/or the storage device 620 to the cache 604 for quick access bythe processor 602. In this way, the cache can provide a performanceboost that avoids processor 602 delays while waiting for data. These andother modules can control or be configured to control the processor 602to perform various actions. Other system memory 606 may be available foruse as well. The memory 606 can include multiple different types ofmemory with different performance characteristics. The processor 602 caninclude any general purpose processor and a hardware module or softwaremodule, such as module 1 (622), module 2 (624), and module 3 (626)stored in storage device 620, configured to control the processor 602 aswell as a special-purpose processor where software instructions areincorporated into the actual processor design. The processor 602 mayessentially be a completely self-contained computing system, containingmultiple cores or processors, a bus, memory controller, cache, etc. Amulti-core processor may be symmetric or asymmetric.

To enable user interaction with the system 600, an input device 614 canrepresent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone forspeech, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphical input,keyboard, mouse, motion input, speech and so forth. An output device 616can also be one or more of a number of output mechanisms known to thoseof skill in the art. In some instances, multimodal systems can enable auser to provide multiple types of input to communicate with the system600. The communications interface 618 can generally govern and managethe user input and system output. There is no restriction on operatingon any particular hardware arrangement and therefore the basic featureshere may easily be substituted for improved hardware or firmwarearrangements as they are developed.

Storage device 620 is a non-volatile memory and can be a hard disk orother types of computer readable media which can store data that areaccessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memorycards, solid state memory devices, digital versatile disks, cartridges,random access memories (RAMs) 610, read only memory (ROM) 608, andhybrids thereof.

The storage device 620 can include software modules 622, 624, 626 forcontrolling the processor 602. Other hardware or software modules arecontemplated. The storage device 620 can be connected to the system bus612. In one aspect, a hardware module that performs a particularfunction can include the software component stored in acomputer-readable medium in connection with the necessary hardwarecomponents, such as the processor 602, bus 612, display 616, and soforth, to carry out the function.

FIG. 6B illustrates an example computer system 650 having a chipsetarchitecture that can be used in executing the described method andgenerating and displaying a graphical user interface (GUI). Computersystem 650 is an example of computer hardware, software, and firmwarethat can be used to implement the disclosed technology. System 650 caninclude a processor 652, representative of any number of physicallyand/or logically distinct resources capable of executing software,firmware, and hardware configured to perform identified computations.Processor 652 can communicate with a chipset 654 that can control inputto and output from processor 652. In this example, chipset 654 outputsinformation to output device 656, such as a display, and can read andwrite information to storage device 658, which can include magneticmedia, and solid state media, for example. Chipset 654 can also readdata from and write data to RAM 660. A bridge 662 for interfacing with avariety of user interface components 664 can be provided for interfacingwith chipset 654. Such user interface components 664 can include akeyboard, a microphone, touch detection and processing circuitry, apointing device, such as a mouse, and so on. In general, inputs tosystem 650 can come from any of a variety of sources, machine generatedand/or human generated.

Chipset 654 can also interface with one or more communication interfaces666 that can have different physical interfaces. Such communicationinterfaces can include interfaces for wired and wireless local areanetworks, for broadband wireless networks, as well as personal areanetworks. Some applications of the methods for generating, displaying,and using the GUI disclosed herein can include receiving ordereddatasets over the physical interface or be generated by the machineitself by processor 652 analyzing data stored in storage 658 or 660.Further, the machine can receive inputs from a user via user interfacecomponents 664 and execute appropriate functions, such as browsingfunctions by interpreting these inputs using processor 652.

It can be appreciated that example systems 600 and 650 can have morethan one processor 602 or be part of a group or cluster of computingdevices networked together to provide greater processing capability.

For clarity of explanation, in some instances the present technology maybe presented as including individual functional blocks includingfunctional blocks comprising devices, device components, steps orroutines in a method embodied in software, or combinations of hardwareand software.

In some examples the computer-readable storage devices, mediums, andmemories can include a cable or wireless signal containing a bit streamand the like. However, when mentioned, non-transitory computer-readablestorage media expressly exclude media such as energy, carrier signals,electromagnetic waves, and signals per se.

Methods according to the above-described examples can be implementedusing computer-executable instructions that are stored or otherwiseavailable from computer readable media. Such instructions can comprise,for example, instructions and data which cause or otherwise configure ageneral purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purposeprocessing device to perform a certain function or group of functions.Portions of computer resources used can be accessible over a network.The computer executable instructions may be, for example, binaries,intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, orsource code. Examples of computer-readable media that may be used tostore instructions, information used, and/or information created duringmethods according to described examples include magnetic or opticaldisks, flash memory, USB devices provided with non-volatile memory,networked storage devices, and so on.

Devices implementing methods according to these disclosures can comprisehardware, firmware and/or software, and can take any of a variety ofform factors. Typical examples of such form factors include laptops,smart phones, small form factor personal computers, personal digitalassistants, rackmount devices, standalone devices, and so on.Functionality described herein also can be embodied in peripherals oradd-in cards. Such functionality can also be implemented on a circuitboard among different chips or different processes executing in a singledevice, by way of further example.

The instructions, media for conveying such instructions, computingresources for executing them, and other structures for supporting suchcomputing resources are means for providing the functions described inthese disclosures.

Although a variety of examples and other information was used to explainaspects within the scope of the appended claims, no limitation of theclaims should be implied based on particular features or arrangements insuch examples, as one of ordinary skill would be able to use theseexamples to derive a wide variety of implementations. Further andalthough some subject matter may have been described in languagespecific to examples of structural features and/or method steps, it isto be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claimsis not necessarily limited to these described features or acts. Forexample, such functionality can be distributed differently or performedin components other than those identified herein. Rather, the describedfeatures and steps are disclosed as examples of components of systemsand methods within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, claimlanguage reciting “at least one of” a set indicates that one member ofthe set or multiple members of the set satisfy the claim.

It should be understood that features or configurations herein withreference to one embodiment or example can be implemented in, orcombined with, other examples or examples herein. That is, terms such as“embodiment”, “variation”, “aspect”, “example”, “configuration”,“implementation”, “case”, and any other terms which may connote anembodiment, as used herein to describe specific features orconfigurations, are not intended to limit any of the associated featuresor configurations to a specific or separate embodiment or examples, andshould not be interpreted to suggest that such features orconfigurations cannot be combined with features or configurationsdescribed with reference to other examples, variations, aspects,examples, configurations, implementations, cases, and so forth. In otherwords, features described herein with reference to a specific example(e.g., embodiment, variation, aspect, configuration, implementation,case, etc.) can be combined with features described with reference toanother example. Precisely, one of ordinary skill in the art willreadily recognize that the various examples or examples describedherein, and their associated features, can be combined with each other.

A phrase such as an “aspect” does not imply that such aspect isessential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to allconfigurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to anaspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. Aphrase such as an aspect may refer to one or more aspects and viceversa. A phrase such as a “configuration” does not imply that suchconfiguration is essential to the subject technology or that suchconfiguration applies to all configurations of the subject technology. Adisclosure relating to a configuration may apply to all configurations,or one or more configurations. A phrase such as a configuration mayrefer to one or more configurations and vice versa. The word “exemplary”is used herein to mean “serving as an example or illustration.” Anyaspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily tobe construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs.Moreover, claim language reciting “at least one of” a set indicates thatone member of the set or multiple members of the set satisfy the claim.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: determining an expectedacknowledgement (ACK) sequence number associated with a packet sent by adevice in a network; determining an ACK sequence number of a differentpacket received by the device; determining that the ACK sequence numberof the different packet does not match the expected ACK sequence number;and ignoring the different packet when the ACK sequence number of thedifferent packet does not match the expected ACK sequence number.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: generating a warning when the ACKsequence number of the different packet does not match the expected ACKsequence number, the warning being separate from the packet and thedifferent packet.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:determining an additional expected ACK sequence number associated withan additional packet sent by the device; determining that an additionalACK sequence number of a different additional packet received by thedevice matches the additional expected ACK sequence number associatedwith the additional packet; and determining a round trip time (RTT) ofthe additional packet based on first information of the additionalpacket and second information of the different packet.
 4. The method ofclaim 3, further comprising: receiving third information correspondingto a transmission control protocol (TCP) handshake performed within aspecific time period and associated with a TCP connection; and based onthe third information corresponding to the TCP handshake, determining anumber of at least one of re-transmission packets and new packetstransmitted during the specific time period.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the expected ACK sequence number is determined based on a thirdACK sequence number of the packet and a size of the packet.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: determining a sending time, apacket sequence number and a packet size of the packet based on packetinformation sensed by at least one sensor of a plurality of sensors inthe network, the packet information corresponding to the packet.
 7. Themethod of claim 6, further comprising: determining a receive time of asubsequent packet received by the device; and determining a round triptime (RTT) of the packet based on the sending time of the packet and thereceive time of the subsequent packet.
 8. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: determine a respective ACK sequence number of a followingpacket based on first packet information of the following packet; and inresponse to a determination that the respective ACK sequence number ofthe following packet matches a second expected ACK sequence number,determining a round trip time (RTT) of the packet based on second packetinformation of the packet and the first packet information of thefollowing packet.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:determining a congestion level of the network based at least on a roundtrip time (RTT) of the packet.
 10. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: determining a number of non-duplicative packets; anddetermining a packet loss rate of the network during a time period basedat least on the number of non-duplicative packets.
 11. A systemcomprising: one or more processors; and a computer-readable storagemedium storing instructions which, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the system to: determine an expected acknowledgement(ACK) sequence number associated with a packet sent by a component in anetwork; determine an ACK sequence number of a different packet receivedby the component; determine that the ACK sequence number of thedifferent packet does not match the expected ACK sequence number; andignore the different packet when the ACK sequence number of thedifferent packet does not match the expected ACK sequence number. 12.The system of claim 11, wherein the instructions, when executed by theone or more processors, cause the system to: select a range of packetsequence numbers; determine a packet sequence number of the packet basedon packet information of the packet; and determine that the packetsequence number of the packet is within the range of packet sequencenumbers.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the instructions, whenexecuted by the one or more processors, cause the system to: generate awarning when the ACK sequence number of the different packet does notmatch the expected ACK sequence number, the warning being separate fromthe packet and the different packet.
 14. The system of claim 11, whereinthe instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause thesystem to: determine an additional expected ACK sequence numberassociated with an additional packet sent by the component; determinethat an additional ACK sequence number of a different additional packetreceived by the component matches the additional expected ACK sequencenumber associated with the additional packet; and determine a round triptime (RTT) of the additional packet based on first information of theadditional packet and second information of the different additionalpacket.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the instructions, whenexecuted by the one or more processors, cause the system to: receivethird information corresponding to a transmission control protocol (TCP)handshake performed within a specific time period and associated with aTCP connection; and based on the third information corresponding to theTCP handshake, determine a number of at least one of re-transmissionpackets and new packets transmitted during the specific time period. 16.The system of claim 11, wherein the expected ACK sequence number isdetermined based on an additional ACK sequence number of the packet anda size of the packet.
 17. The system of claim 11, wherein theinstructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause thesystem to: determine a sending time, a packet sequence number and apacket size of the packet based on packet information sensed by at leastone sensor of a plurality of sensors in the network, the packetinformation corresponding to the packet; determine a receive time of afurther packet received by the component; and determine a round triptime (RTT) of the packet based on the sending time of the packet and thereceive time of the further packet.
 18. The system of claim 11, whereinthe instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause thesystem to: determine a number of non-duplicative packets; and determinea packet loss rate of the network during a time period based at least onthe number of non-duplicative packets.
 19. The system of claim 11,wherein the expected ACK sequence number is determined independent ofthe different packet.
 20. A non-transitory computer-readable mediumhaving stored thereon instructions which, when executed by one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to: determine an expectedacknowledgement (ACK) sequence number associated with a packet sent by acomponent in a network; determine an ACK sequence number of a differentpacket received by the component; determine that the ACK sequence numberof the different packet does not match the expected ACK sequence number;and ignore the different packet when the ACK sequence number of thedifferent packet does not match the expected ACK sequence number.